Mō te hauwai pūngao o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei

Ka whakaurua e mātou te "hauwai", te whakatupuranga hiko e whai ake nei, kāore he waro. E toru ngā momo o te hauwai: te "hauwai matomato", te "hauwai kikorangi" me te "hauwai hina", he rerekē te tikanga whakaputa o ia momo. Ka whakamāramahia hoki e mātou ia tikanga hanga, ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana hei huānga, ngā tikanga rokiroki/kawe, me ngā tikanga whakamahi. Ā, ka whakaurua hoki e au te take he pūtake hiko matua tēnei o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei.

Te Whakamahinga Hiko o te Wai hei Whakaputa i te Hauwai Kakariki

I te whakamahinga o te hauwai, he mea nui kia "whakaputa hauwai". Ko te huarahi māmā ko te "whakarewa i te wai". Tērā pea i pērā koe i te pūtaiao kura tuatahi. Whakakīia te ipukara ki te wai me ngā irahiko ki roto i te wai. Ina honoa he pākahiko ki ngā irahiko, ā, ina whakakahangia, ka puta ngā tauhohenga e whai ake nei i roto i te wai, i roto hoki i ia irahiko.
I te katote, ka honoa te H+ me ngā irahiko ki te whakaputa hau hauwai, ko te anode ia ka whakaputa hāora. Heoi anō, he pai tēnei huarahi mō ngā whakamātautau pūtaiao kura, engari kia puta ai te hauwai i roto i te ahumahi, me whakarite ngā tikanga whai hua e tika ana mō te whakaputanga nui. Koia te "whakawhitinga hiko o te membrane electrolyte polymer (PEM)".
I tēnei tikanga, ka whakatakotoria he kiriuhi haurua-whakauru polymer e āhei ai te haere o ngā katote hauwai ki waenganui i te anode me te cathode. Ina ringihia te wai ki roto i te anode o te taputapu, ka neke ngā katote hauwai i hangaia e te electrolysis mā roto i te kiriuhi haurua-whakauru ki te cathode, ka huri hei hauwai ngota. I tētahi atu taha, kāore e taea e ngā katote hāora te haere mā roto i te kiriuhi haurua-whakauru ka huri hei ngota hāora i te anode.
I roto anō i te electrolysis wai kawakore, ka hangaia e koe te hauwai me te hāora mā te wehewehe i te anode me te cathode mā roto i tētahi wehewehenga ka taea e ngā iona hauwai anake te haere. Hei tāpiri, kei reira ngā tikanga ahumahi pēnei i te electrolysis mamaoa pāmahana-tiketike.
Mā te whakahaere i ēnei tukanga i runga i te tauine nui, ka taea te whiwhi i te nui o te hauwai. I roto i te tukanga, ka puta he nui o te hāora (te haurua o te rahinga o te hauwai e puta ana), kia kore ai he pānga kino ki te taiao mēnā ka tukuna ki te āhuarangi. Heoi, he nui te hiko e hiahiatia ana mō te electrolysis, nō reira ka taea te whakaputa hauwai kore-waro mēnā ka puta mai i te hiko kāore e whakamahi i ngā wahie pūmua, pērā i ngā tāpine hau me ngā panera rā.
Ka taea e koe te whiwhi "hauwai matomato" mā te whakamahi i te hiko hei whakapūngao i te wai mā te whakamahi i te pūngao ma.

Kei reira anō hoki he pūkaha hauwai hei whakaputa i tēnei hauwai matomato i te tauine nui. Mā te whakamahi i te PEM i te wāhanga electrolyzer, ka taea te whakaputa hauwai tonu.

Hauwai kikorangi i hangaia mai i ngā wahie parahanga

Nā, he aha atu ngā huarahi hei hanga hauwai? Kei roto i ngā wahie pūmua pērā i te hau māori me te waro te hauwai hei matū ehara i te wai. Hei tauira, whakaarohia te methane (CH4), te wāhanga matua o te hau māori. E whā ngā ngota hauwai i konei. Ka taea e koe te whiwhi hauwai mā te tango i tēnei hauwai.
Ko tētahi o ēnei he tukanga e kiia nei ko te "steam methane reforming" e whakamahi ana i te mamaoa. Ko te tauira matū o tēnei tikanga e whai ake nei.
E kite ana koe, ka taea te tango i te hauota waro me te hauwai mai i te ngota methane kotahi.
Mā tēnei ara, ka taea te whakaputa hauwai mā roto i ngā tukanga pēnei i te "whakahoutanga mamaoa" me te "whakapūkara" o te hau māori me te waro. Ko te "hauwai kikorangi" e pā ana ki te hauwai e whakaputaina ana i tēnei ara.
Heoi, i tēnei wā, ka puta te hauota waro me te hauhā waro hei hua taha. Nō reira, me hangarua anō ēnei i mua i te tukunga ki te āhuarangi. Ki te kore e whakahokia mai te hauota waro, ka huri hei hau hauwai, e mōhiotia ana ko te "hauwai hina".

He aha te momo huānga o te hauwai?

Ko te tau ngota o te hauwai he 1, ā, koia te huānga tuatahi o te ripanga ā-pūmotu.
Ko te maha o ngā ngota te mea nui rawa atu i te ao tūroa, e 90% pea o ngā huānga katoa o te ao tūroa. Ko te ngota iti rawa kei roto ko te porotana me te irahiko ko te ngota hauwai.
E rua ngā isotope o te hauwai me ngā neutron e piri ana ki te karihi. Ko tētahi "deuterium" e hono ana ki te neutron, me ētahi atu "tritium" e hono ana ki te neutron. He rauemi anō hoki ēnei mō te whakaputa hiko hanumi.
I roto i tētahi whetū pērā i te rā, kei te puta te hanumitanga karihi mai i te hauwai ki te hēriuma, koinei te pūtake pūngao kia tiaho ai te whetū.
Heoi, he onge te noho o te hauwai hei hau i runga i te Ao. Ka hanga pūhui te hauwai me ētahi atu huānga pēnei i te wai, te methane, te haukini me te etanoru. Nā te mea he huānga māmā te hauwai, i te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka piki ake te tere o te nekehanga o ngā ngota hauwai, ā, ka mawhiti atu i te kaha o te whenua ki te wāhi o waho.

Me pēhea te whakamahi i te hauwai? Whakamahia mā te tahunga

Nā, me pēhea te whakamahinga o te "hauwai", kua arohia nei e te ao katoa hei puna pūngao o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei? E rua ngā huarahi matua e whakamahia ai: te "tahu" me te "pūtau wahie". Me tīmata tātou me te whakamahinga o te "tahu".
E rua ngā momo matua o te tahunga e whakamahia ana.
Ko te tuatahi hei wahie mō te rōkete. Ka whakamahia e te rōkete H-IIA o Hapani te hau hauwai "hauwai wai" me te "hāora wai" kei roto hoki i te āhua cryogenic hei wahie. Ka honoa ēnei e rua, ā, ko te kaha wera e puta ana i taua wā ka tere ake te werohanga o ngā ngota wai e puta ana, ka rere ki te wāhi. Heoi, nā te mea he miihini uaua ki te hangarau, engari ko Hapani, ko te Hononga o Amerika, ko Ūropi, ko Rūhia, ko Haina me Īnia anake kua angitu te whakakotahi i tēnei wahie.
Ko te tuarua ko te whakaputa hiko. Ka whakamahia hoki e te whakaputa hiko tāpine hau te tikanga o te whakakotahi i te hauwai me te hāora hei whakaputa pūngao. Arā, he tikanga e titiro ana ki te pūngao wera e whakaputaina ana e te hauwai. I roto i ngā tipu hiko wera, ka puta te mamaoa mai i te wera o te waro, te hinu me te hau māori e taraiwa ana i ngā tāpine. Mena ka whakamahia te hauwai hei pūtake wera, ka noho kore waro te tipu hiko.

Me pēhea te whakamahi i te hauwai? Whakamahia hei pūtau wahie

Ko tētahi atu huarahi hei whakamahi i te hauwai ko te whakamahi hei pūtau wahie, e huri tika ana i te hauwai hei hiko. Ina koa, kua aro nui a Toyota ki Hapani mā te whakatairanga i ngā waka e whakamahi ana i te hauwai hei utu mō ngā waka hiko (EV) hei huarahi kē atu i ngā waka penehīni hei wāhanga o āna mahi ārai i te mahana o te ao.
Ina koa, kei te mahi mātou i te tukanga whakamuri ina whakauruhia e mātou te tikanga hanga o te "hauwai matomato". Ko te tātai matū e whai ake nei.
Ka taea e te hauwai te whakaputa wai (wai wera, mamaoa rānei) i a ia e whakaputa hiko ana, ā, ka taea te aromatawai nā te mea kāore e taumaha ki te taiao. I tētahi atu taha, he iti noa te whai huatanga o tēnei tikanga ki te whakaputa hiko, arā, 30-40%, ā, me whakamahi te konukawata hei whakakorikori, nō reira me piki ake ngā utu.
I tēnei wā, kei te whakamahi mātou i ngā pūtau wahie polymer electrolyte (PEFC) me ngā pūtau wahie phosphoric acid (PAFC). Ina koa, kei te whakamahi ngā waka pūtau wahie i te PEFC, nō reira e tika ana kia horapa haere ā muri ake nei.

He Haumaru te Rokiroki me te Kawe i te Hauwai?

I nāianei, ki tā mātou whakaaro kua mārama koe ki te hanga me te whakamahi i te hau hauwai. Nō reira, me pēhea te penapena i tēnei hauwai? Me pēhea te tiki atu ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana? Me pēhea te haumarutanga i taua wā? Mā mātou e whakamārama.
Ina hoki, he huānga tino morearea anō hoki te hauwai. I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i whakamahia e tātou te hauwai hei hau hei whakatere i ngā poihau, ngā poihau, me ngā waka rererangi i te rangi nā te mea he tino māmā. Heoi, i te 6 o Mei, 1937, i New Jersey, USA, ka puta te "pahūtanga o te waka rererangi Hindenburg".
Mai i te aituā, kua mōhiotia whānuitia he mea morearea te hau hauwai. Ina koa ka mura, ka pahū kaha me te hāora. Nō reira, he mea nui te "kia matara atu i te hāora" me te "kia matara atu i te wera".
I muri i te whai i ēnei mahi, ka puta mai he tikanga tuku.
He hau te hauwai i te pāmahana rūma, nō reira ahakoa he hau tonu, he tino matotoru. Ko te tikanga tuatahi ko te whakamahi i te pēhanga teitei me te kōpeke pērā i te rango i te wā e hanga ana i ngā inu waro. Whakaritea he tāke pēhanga teitei motuhake, ka rongoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga pēhanga teitei pērā i te 45Mpa.
Kei te whakawhanake a Toyota, te kamupene e whakawhanake ana i ngā waka pūtau wahie (FCV), i tētahi tāke hauwai pēhanga teitei kapia ka taea te tu atu i te pēhanga 70 MPa.
Ko tētahi atu tikanga ko te whakamatao ki te -253°C hei hanga hauwai wai, me te penapena me te kawe i roto i ngā tāke motuhake kua whakamahanahia. Pērā i te LNG (hau māori wai) ina kawemaihia te hau māori mai i tāwāhi, ka waimeha te hauwai i te wā e kawehia ana, ka whakaitihia tōna rahinga ki te 1/800 o tōna āhua hau. I te tau 2020, i oti i a mātou te kawe hauwai wai tuatahi o te ao. Heoi, kāore tēnei huarahi e pai mō ngā waka pūtau wahie nā te mea he nui te pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei whakamatao.
He tikanga penapena me te tuku i roto i ngā tāke pēnei, engari kei te whakawhanake anō mātou i ētahi atu tikanga penapena hauwai.
Ko te tikanga rokiroki ko te whakamahi i ngā koranu rokiroki hauwai. He āhuatanga tō te hauwai ki te wero i ngā konganuku, ā, ka pirau i aua konganuku. He tohutohu whanaketanga tēnei i whakawhanakehia i te Hononga o Amerika i ngā tau 1960. Kua whakaatuhia e JJ Reilly me ētahi atu, ka taea te penapena me te tuku i te hauwai mā te whakamahi i te koranu o te konupūmā me te vanadium.
I muri i tērā, i angitu ia ki te whakawhanake i tētahi matū, pērā i te palladium, e taea ai te mimiti i te hauwai e 935 ngā wā o tōna ake rōrahi.
Ko te painga o te whakamahi i tēnei koranu he ārai i ngā aituā turuturu hauwai (ko te nuinga ko ngā aituā pahūtanga). Nō reira, ka taea te penapena me te kawe haumaru. Heoi, ki te kore koe e tūpato, ā, ka waiho ki te taiao hē, ka taea e ngā koranu rokiroki hauwai te tuku i te hau hauwai i roto i te wā. Āe, ahakoa he mura iti noa iho, ka taea e ia te whakaputa i tētahi aituā pahūtanga, nō reira kia tūpato.
He ngoikoretanga anō hoki tōna, ko te mimiti me te mimiti haere tonu o te hauwai ka arahi ki te pakarukaru me te whakaiti i te tere mimiti hauwai.
Ko tētahi atu ko te whakamahi i ngā paipa. He tikanga kei reira, me kore e pēhia, me iti te pēhanga hei ārai i te pakarukaru o ngā paipa, engari ko te painga, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā paipa hau o nāianei. I whakahaerehia e Tokyo Gas ngā mahi hanga i te Harumi FLAG, mā te whakamahi i ngā paipa hau o te tāone hei tuku hauwai ki ngā pūtau wahie.

Te Hapori o te Ao kei te heke mai i hangaia e te Pūngao Hauwai

Hei whakamutunga, me whakaaro tātou ki te tūranga o te hauwai i roto i te hapori.
Ko te mea nui ake, ko tā mātou hiahia kia whakatairanga i tētahi hapori kore-waro, ka whakamahia e mātou te hauwai hei whakaputa hiko, kaua hei pūngao wera.
Engari mō ngā tipu hiko wera nui, kua whakauruhia e ētahi whare ngā pūnaha pēnei i a ENE-FARM, e whakamahi ana i te hauwai i whiwhihia mai i te whakahounga o te hau maori hei whakaputa i te hiko e hiahiatia ana. Heoi anō, kei te mau tonu te pātai mō te aha me mahi ki ngā hua taha o te tukanga whakahounga.

Ā tōna wā, ki te piki ake te rere o te hauwai, pērā i te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā teihana whakakī hinu hauwai, ka taea te whakamahi hiko me te kore e tukuna he hauhā waro. Ko te hiko ka whakaputa i te hauwai matomato, nō reira ka whakamahia te hiko i hangaia mai i te rā, i te hau rānei. Ko te mana e whakamahia ana mō te electrolysis me waiho hei mana hei pehi i te nui o te whakaputa hiko, hei utu rānei i te pākahiko ka taea te whakahou ina he nui te hiko mai i te pūngao taiao. Arā, kei te tūranga kotahi te hauwai ki te pākahiko ka taea te whakahou. Ki te tupu tēnei, ā tōna wā ka taea te whakaiti i te whakaputa hiko wera. Kei te tere haere mai te rā e ngaro ai te miihini mura o roto i ngā motuka.

Ka taea hoki te tiki hauwai mā tētahi atu ara. Inaa, he hua taha tonu te hauwai o te hanga houra tunutunu. I roto i ētahi atu mea, he hua taha taha o te hanga kōka i roto i te mahi rino. Ki te tāpirihia tēnei hauwai ki te tohatoha, ka taea e koe te tiki i ngā pūtake maha. Ko te hau hauwai e hangaia ana i tēnei ara ka tukuna mai hoki e ngā teihana hauwai.

Kia titiro atu tātou ki te ao kei te heke mai. Ko te nui o te pūngao e ngaro ana he take anō hoki mō te tikanga tuku hiko e whakamahi ana i ngā waea hei tuku hiko. Nō reira, ā tērā wā, ka whakamahia e tātou te hauwai e tukuna ana e ngā paipa, pērā i ngā tāke waikawa waro e whakamahia ana hei hanga inu waro, ā, ka hoko tāke hauwai i te kāinga hei whakaputa hiko mō ia whare. Kei te noho noa ngā taputapu pūkoro e whakamahi ana i ngā pākahiko hauwai. He mea whakamere te kite i tētahi ao pēnei.